Systematic-Corruption

Trump Pardons 77 Allies Who Attempted to Overturn 2020 Election Including Giuliani, Meadows, and Fake Electors

| Importance: 10/10

President Trump issued comprehensive federal pardons to 77 individuals involved in efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, including his former attorney Rudy Giuliani, White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, attorneys Sidney Powell, John Eastman, Kenneth Chesebro, Jenna Ellis, Jeffrey …

Donald Trump Rudy Giuliani Mark Meadows Sidney Powell John Eastman +12 more pardons 2020-election accountability fake-electors institutional-capture +4 more
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Trump Administration Systematically Uses Mortgage Fraud Charges Against Political Adversaries

| Importance: 9/10

The Trump administration established a pattern of targeting political adversaries through the Federal Housing Finance Agency with mortgage fraud investigations. Beyond Letitia James’s indictment, the pattern includes investigations against Fed Governor Lisa Cook and Senator Adam Schiff, all …

Letitia James Lisa Cook Adam Schiff William Pulte Federal Housing Finance Agency +1 more political-prosecution systematic-corruption doj-weaponization retaliatory-prosecution
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OMB Director Russ Vought Uses Shutdown to Execute Mass Federal Purges

| Importance: 9/10

OMB Director Russ Vought systematically used government shutdown planning to execute mass federal purges, cancel funding, block oversight, and reclassify workers across agencies according to the Project 2025 framework. This represents a deliberate conversion of the Office of Management and Budget …

Russ Vought Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Trump Administration Congress institutional-capture systematic-corruption executive-overreach project-2025-implementation
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Commerce Secretary Lutnick Forces Corporations to Provide Government Equity Stakes

| Importance: 9/10

Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick announced plans to extract government equity stakes from major corporations like Intel and Lockheed Martin in exchange for federal support, using tariffs and export licenses as pressure tools through a secretive ‘Investment Accelerator’ initiative. …

Howard Lutnick Department of Commerce Intel Lockheed Martin Trump Administration institutional-capture corporate-coercion regulatory-extortion systematic-corruption
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Fired DOJ Antitrust Official Accuses Bondi Leadership of Corruption in $14B Merger

| Importance: 9/10

Former DOJ antitrust official Roger Alford publicly accused Attorney General Pam Bondi’s chief of staff Chad Mizelle of ‘perverting justice’ by overruling career officials to approve the Hewlett Packard Enterprise-Juniper Networks $14 billion merger. Alford and another senior …

Roger Alford Pam Bondi Chad Mizelle Hewlett Packard Enterprise Juniper Networks +1 more institutional-capture doj systematic-corruption antitrust
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Trump Executive Order Places Federal Grants Under Political Appointee Control

| Importance: 8/10

President Trump signed Executive Order 14332 titled ‘Improving Oversight of Federal Grantmaking,’ transforming the federal grantmaking process by giving presidential political appointees unprecedented power over billions of dollars in research and discretionary grants. The order requires …

Donald Trump White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) executive-power executive-orders institutional-capture systematic-corruption
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UnitedHealth Confirms DOJ Criminal and Civil Investigation for Medicare Advantage Upcoding Fraud

| Importance: 9/10

On July 24, 2025, UnitedHealth Group confirmed in an SEC filing that the Department of Justice has launched both criminal and civil investigations into the company’s Medicare Advantage billing practices, focusing on systematic upcoding fraud that may have generated billions in government …

UnitedHealth Group UnitedHealthcare Department of Justice Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services healthcare medicare-advantage insurance-fraud regulatory-capture systematic-corruption
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DOJ Sues Aetna, Humana, Elevance for Paying Illegal Medicare Advantage Kickbacks and Discriminating Against Disabled Beneficiaries

| Importance: 9/10

On May 1, 2025, the Department of Justice filed a False Claims Act lawsuit against three of the nation’s largest health insurance companies—Aetna (CVS Health), Humana, and Elevance Health (formerly Anthem)—along with three major insurance brokers—eHealth, GoHealth, and SelectQuote. The …

Department of Justice Aetna CVS Health Humana Elevance Health +4 more healthcare medicare-advantage insurance-fraud systematic-corruption whistleblower +1 more
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Healthcare Industry Spends Record $744 Million on Federal Lobbying in 2024, Pharmaceutical Sector Leads at $384 Million

| Importance: 8/10

In 2024, the healthcare sector spent $743.9 million on federal lobbying—$10 million less than 2023’s $745 million but maintaining its position as the largest lobbying sector in the United States for the 26th consecutive year. Pharmaceutical and health products companies led healthcare spending …

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America American Medical Association American Hospital Association Pharmaceutical Care Management Association Health insurance industry +1 more lobbying healthcare pharmaceutical-industry systematic-corruption regulatory-capture +1 more
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UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson Assassinated in Manhattan, Exposing Public Rage at Health Insurance Industry

| Importance: 10/10

On December 4, 2024, Brian Thompson, CEO of UnitedHealthcare, was shot and killed outside the New York Hilton Midtown in Manhattan. The assassination, allegedly carried out by 26-year-old Luigi Mangione, exposed widespread public anger at the American health insurance industry’s systematic …

Brian Thompson Luigi Mangione UnitedHealthcare UnitedHealth Group healthcare insurance-fraud systematic-corruption healthcare-violence
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HHS Watchdog Finds Health Risk Assessments Drove $7.5 Billion in Medicare Advantage Overpayments Without Additional Patient Care

| Importance: 9/10

On October 31, 2024, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) released a report estimating that Medicare Advantage insurers received at least $7.5 billion in improper payments in 2023 from Health Risk Assessments (HRAs) that added diagnoses to inflate risk scores …

Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medicare Advantage insurers healthcare medicare-advantage insurance-fraud systematic-corruption regulatory-capture
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Humana Pays $90 Million to Settle First-of-Its-Kind Medicare Part D Fraud Case for Fraudulent Bidding

| Importance: 8/10

On August 16, 2024, Humana agreed to pay $90 million to settle the first whistleblower lawsuit alleging systematic fraud in Medicare Part D prescription drug program bidding. The case exposed how Humana maintained “two sets of books”—submitting false financial projections to the Centers …

Humana Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Department of Justice Steven Scott (whistleblower) healthcare medicare-advantage insurance-fraud systematic-corruption whistleblower
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DaVita Pays $34 Million to Settle Third Kickback Case in Decade, Revealing Systematic Fraud Business Model

| Importance: 8/10

DaVita Inc. agrees to pay $34,487,390 to resolve False Claims Act allegations involving three distinct kickback schemes: paying a competitor to induce referrals to DaVita Rx pharmacy subsidiary in exchange for acquiring European dialysis clinics and extending dialysis product purchases; providing …

DaVita Dennis Kogod Department of Justice DaVita Rx healthcare dialysis medicare-fraud kickbacks whistleblower +2 more
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Academic Evidence Reveals Systematic Corruption in Hurricane Katrina Education Privatization

| Importance: 8/10

Comprehensive research reveals a systematic corruption pattern in Hurricane Katrina’s education system transformation. Academic studies and journalistic investigations document how disaster was strategically used to rapidly privatize New Orleans public schools. Before Katrina, the school …

Louisiana State Legislature Charter School Advocates Right-Wing Think Tanks New Orleans School Board systematic-corruption institutional-capture education-privatization charter-schools regulatory-capture
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DOJ Launches Antitrust Investigation of UnitedHealth's Vertical Integration Strategy and Optum Physician Acquisitions

| Importance: 9/10

On February 27, 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that the Department of Justice launched a major antitrust investigation into UnitedHealth Group, focusing on whether the company’s vertical integration strategy—particularly Optum’s acquisition of physician practices—creates …

Department of Justice UnitedHealth Group UnitedHealthcare Optum healthcare medicare-advantage antitrust vertical-integration regulatory-capture +1 more
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Class Action Lawsuit Alleges UnitedHealth Uses AI with 90% Error Rate to Deny Medicare Advantage Claims, Causing Patient Deaths

| Importance: 9/10

On November 14, 2023, the families of two deceased Medicare Advantage beneficiaries filed a federal class action lawsuit alleging that UnitedHealth Group knowingly uses a faulty artificial intelligence algorithm with a 90% error rate to systematically deny elderly patients coverage for medically …

UnitedHealth Group NaviHealth UnitedHealthcare healthcare medicare-advantage insurance-fraud artificial-intelligence systematic-corruption +1 more
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Maui Wildfires Kill Over 100 as Corporate Water Diversions and Land Development Create Tinderbox; Governor Suspends Native Water Rights After Disaster

| Importance: 7/10

On August 8, 2023, massive wildfires rage through Lahaina in West Maui, killing at least 100 people in the deadliest wildfire event in the United States in more than a century. The fires destroy thousands of homes and businesses in the historic town, reducing what was once a vibrant wetland …

Josh Green West Maui Land Company Glenn Tremble Kaleo Manuel Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) +2 more institutional-capture systematic-corruption indigenous-rights environmental-destruction disaster-capitalism +2 more
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ProPublica Exposes Cigna's Automated PXDX System Denying 300,000 Claims in Two Months at 1.2 Seconds Per Case

| Importance: 9/10

On March 13, 2023, ProPublica published an investigation revealing that health insurance giant Cigna used an automated system called PXDX to deny 300,000 claims over two months without doctors examining individual patient files—spending an average of just 1.2 seconds reviewing each case before …

Cigna ProPublica House Committee on Energy and Commerce healthcare insurance-fraud systematic-corruption investigative-journalism
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North Dakota Legislature Rejects Oil Royalty Protections, Creates Toothless Oversight Program

| Importance: 7/10

After mineral owners present evidence to the North Dakota Legislature that oil companies are deducting approximately $1 billion annually in royalty payments without adequate oversight or transparency, lawmakers reject bipartisan legislation requiring companies to provide electronic payment details …

North Dakota Legislature Brad Bekkedahl Don Longmuir Ron Ness XTO Energy +3 more regulatory-capture corporate-corruption oil-industry legislative-failure mineral-rights +2 more
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NBER Study Reveals Private Equity Nursing Home Ownership Increases Mortality 10%, Causes 20,000 Excess Deaths

| Importance: 9/10

National Bureau of Economic Research releases landmark study (Working Paper 28474) analyzing patient-level Medicare data from 18,000 nursing facilities over 17 years, finding that private equity ownership increases patient mortality by 10% compared to other nursing homes. The 10% mortality increase …

National Bureau of Economic Research Private equity firms Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services healthcare nursing-home private-equity patient-harm mortality +2 more
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PPP launches $800B COVID relief with minimal oversight; $200B+ fraud estimates

| Importance: 10/10

The Paycheck Protection Program launched with $800 billion in forgivable loans to support small businesses during COVID-19, but rushed implementation with minimal verification created “the biggest fraud in a generation.” SBA Inspector General estimates $200+ billion in fraudulent loans - …

Small Business Administration Treasury Department Congress fraud corruption systematic-corruption regulatory-failure wealth-inequality
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Betsy DeVos Repeals Gainful Employment Rule, Eliminating All Accountability for For-Profit College Job Outcomes Despite $1.3 Billion Projected Cost to Taxpayers

| Importance: 9/10

Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos formally repealed the Obama Administration’s Gainful Employment Rule on July 1, 2019, eliminating the only federal accountability mechanism that measured whether career training programs at for-profit colleges and non-degree programs at all institutions …

Betsy DeVos U.S. Department of Education Robert Eitel Julian Schmoke Jr. For-Profit College Industry +1 more for-profit-education deregulation regulatory-capture revolving-door student-debt +2 more
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Trump Declares Total War on Congressional Oversight: "We're Fighting All the Subpoenas"

| Importance: 9/10

President Donald Trump explicitly declares blanket resistance to congressional oversight, stating “We’re fighting all the subpoenas” and dismissing House Democrats as not “impartial people.” This systematic escalation represents an unprecedented challenge to legislative …

Donald Trump White House House Democrats Congressional Investigators Don McGahn +2 more trump-administration congressional-obstruction subpoena-defiance constitutional-crisis systematic-corruption +2 more
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Whistleblower Alleges Dialysis Giants DaVita and Fresenius Steer Patients Through American Kidney Fund in $247M Kickback Scheme

| Importance: 9/10

In 2016, a whistleblower who had worked for 12 years at the American Kidney Fund filed a lawsuit alleging that dialysis giants DaVita and Fresenius Medical Care—which together control over 80 percent of the $24.7 billion U.S. dialysis market—operated a years-long kickback scheme where they donated …

DaVita Fresenius Medical Care American Kidney Fund Department of Justice Federal Trade Commission healthcare dialysis systematic-corruption monopoly kickbacks +3 more
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Johns Hopkins Study Exposes Orphan Drug Act Gaming - Seven of Top 10 Drugs Exploiting Tax Breaks for Rare Diseases

| Importance: 9/10

Johns Hopkins researchers published findings demonstrating that pharmaceutical companies were systematically gaming the 1983 Orphan Drug Act by obtaining orphan drug designations—intended for treatments of rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans—for blockbuster drugs generating billions …

Johns Hopkins University FDA AbbVie Roche Johnson & Johnson +4 more pharmaceutical-industry regulatory-capture tax-avoidance drug-pricing healthcare +2 more
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Education Management Corporation (EDMC) Settles Largest-Ever For-Profit Education Fraud Case for $95.5 Million, Forgives $103 Million in Student Loans

| Importance: 9/10

The United States Department of Justice and attorneys general from 38 states and the District of Columbia reached a landmark $95.5 million settlement with Education Management Corporation (EDMC) on November 16, 2015, resolving allegations that the nation’s second-largest for-profit education …

Education Management Corporation (EDMC) Art Institutes Argosy University Brown Mackie College South University +2 more for-profit-education fraud false-claims-act student-loans whistleblower +3 more
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Valeant Pharmaceuticals Scandal Exposes Systematic Price Gouging Strategy - 3000% Increase on Syprine, Philidor Fraud Network

| Importance: 9/10

Valeant Pharmaceuticals’ October 2015 disclosure of its relationship with specialty pharmacy Philidor Rx Services triggered the unraveling of a systematic drug price gouging scheme that had raised prices on dozens of medications by 50-3000% over two years. Under CEO Michael Pearson, Valeant …

Valeant Pharmaceuticals J. Michael Pearson Philidor Rx Services William Ackman Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) +2 more pharmaceutical-industry drug-pricing healthcare corporate-fraud systematic-corruption +1 more
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DaVita Pays $450 Million for Drug Wastage Fraud, Largest Unjoined Whistleblower Settlement in History

| Importance: 9/10

DaVita Healthcare Partners agrees to pay $450 million (ultimately $495 million) to resolve False Claims Act allegations that it knowingly created unnecessary waste in administering dialysis drugs Zemplar and Venofer, then fraudulently billed Medicare and Medicaid for the avoidable waste. …

DaVita Kent Thiry Alon J. Vainer Daniel D. Barbir Department of Justice healthcare dialysis medicare-fraud whistleblower patient-harm +1 more
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Corinthian Colleges Abruptly Closes All Remaining Campuses, Stranding 16,000 Students After Widespread Fraud Findings

| Importance: 10/10

Corinthian Colleges Inc., one of the largest for-profit college chains in the United States operating Everest College, Heald College, and WyoTech brands, announced on April 26, 2015, that it would immediately cease operations at all remaining campuses, abruptly closing 28 ground locations and …

Corinthian Colleges Everest College Heald College WyoTech U.S. Department of Education +2 more for-profit-education fraud college-closure student-debt predatory-lending +2 more
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DaVita Pays $350 Million to Settle Doctor Kickback Allegations, Exposing Systematic Dialysis Profiteering Scheme

| Importance: 8/10

DaVita Healthcare Partners, the nation’s second-largest dialysis provider, agrees to pay $350 million to resolve False Claims Act allegations that it paid illegal kickbacks to physicians to induce patient referrals to its dialysis clinics from 2005-2014. The scheme involved DaVita offering …

DaVita Kent Thiry Department of Justice HHS Office of Inspector General healthcare dialysis medicare-fraud kickbacks regulatory-capture +2 more
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University of Phoenix Settles $78.5 Million False Claims Act Lawsuit for Illegal Recruiter Incentive Compensation

| Importance: 8/10

The University of Phoenix and its parent company Apollo Group agreed to pay $78.5 million on December 14, 2009, to resolve allegations that the nation’s largest for-profit university violated the False Claims Act by illegally paying recruiters based on the number of students they enrolled, …

University of Phoenix Apollo Group Mary Hendow Julie Albertson U.S. Department of Justice +1 more for-profit-education fraud false-claims-act student-loans whistleblower +3 more
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Mental Health Parity Act Signed into Law with No Enforcement Mechanism, Enabling Systematic Insurer Non-Compliance

| Importance: 8/10

On October 3, 2008, President George W. Bush signed the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) into law as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (TARP legislation), requiring health insurers to provide mental health and substance use …

George W. Bush Paul Wellstone Pete Domenici Department of Labor Employee Benefits Security Administration +1 more healthcare mental-health insurance-fraud regulatory-capture enforcement-failure +2 more
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Iraq War Authorization Vote Succeeds Through WHIG's Systematic Congressional Deception

| Importance: 9/10

Congress passes the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution based on the systematically manipulated intelligence provided by the White House Iraq Group, representing the successful completion of WHIG’s campaign to corrupt legislative war powers. The House votes 296-133 …

White House Iraq Group U.S. House of Representatives U.S. Senate Hillary Clinton John Kerry +6 more whig iraq-war-authorization congressional-deception constitutional-crisis separation-of-powers +3 more
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Insulin Prices Begin Tripling 2002-2013 as Three Manufacturers Control 99% of Market - From $231 to $762 Annually

| Importance: 9/10

The average price of insulin in the United States began a decade-long tripling from $231 per patient annually in 2002 to $762 in 2013, according to congressional hearing data—with some patients paying up to $900 per month for insulin products that cost $4.34 per milliliter in 2002 but reached $12.92 …

Eli Lilly Novo Nordisk Sanofi Congressional Diabetes Caucus Big Pharma pharmaceutical-industry drug-pricing healthcare monopoly insulin-crisis +1 more
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Oligarchs Bankroll Yeltsin Re-election Victory: 'Seven Bankers' Control 50-70% of Russia's Economy Through Loans-for-Shares Deal

| Importance: 9/10

Boris Yeltsin won re-election as President of Russia in a stunning comeback victory engineered and bankrolled by a coalition of seven oligarchs who became known as the ‘Semibankirshchina’ (seven-banker outfit). Despite approval ratings below 10% earlier in the year, Yeltsin defeated …

Boris Yeltsin Boris Berezovsky Mikhail Khodorkovsky Vladimir Gusinsky Vladimir Potanin +3 more russia oligarchs semibankirshchina elections yeltsin +4 more
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Russia's 'Loans-for-Shares' Auctions Transfer $100 Billion in State Assets to Oligarchs for Pennies on the Dollar

| Importance: 10/10

The Russian government under President Boris Yeltsin implemented the ’loans-for-shares’ privatization scheme between November and December 1995, auctioning twelve of Russia’s most profitable industrial enterprises—including mining, steel, shipping, and oil companies—to a small …

Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Potanin Mikhail Khodorkovsky Boris Berezovsky Roman Abramovich +3 more russia oligarchs loans-for-shares privatization corruption +5 more
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Russia Begins Mass Voucher Privatization: 148 Million Citizens Given Certificates Worth 'Two Volga Cars' That Become Worthless

| Importance: 9/10

Russia launched the world’s largest privatization program, distributing vouchers worth 10,000 rubles each to approximately 148 million citizens, enabling the privatization of over 15,000 medium and large enterprises. The program was designed and implemented by Anatoly Chubais, chairman of the …

Anatoly Chubais Boris Yeltsin State Committee for State Property Management Russian Government russia privatization shock-therapy oligarchs wealth-transfer +4 more
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Reagan HUD Scandal Exposed, Samuel Pierce Influence Peddling Investigation

| Importance: 7/10

Congress begins investigating whether HUD Secretary Samuel Pierce engaged in mismanagement and abuse of resources during his eight-year tenure under Reagan, uncovering that the department became a center of influence peddling and favoritism toward Pierce’s friends and political allies. During …

Samuel Pierce Deborah Gore Dean James Watt Thomas Demery U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development institutional-capture systematic-corruption housing-policy revolving-door
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Keating Five Senators Pressure FHLBB to Halt Lincoln Investigation

| Importance: 9/10

Five U.S. Senators—Alan Cranston (D-CA), Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ), John Glenn (D-OH), John McCain (R-AZ), and Donald Riegle (D-MI)—meet with Federal Home Loan Bank Board officials to pressure them to halt regulatory investigation of Charles Keating’s Lincoln Savings and Loan. The senators had …

Alan Cranston Dennis DeConcini John Glenn John McCain Donald Riegle +3 more keating-five regulatory-capture campaign-contributions lincoln-savings systematic-corruption +1 more
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Reagan Inauguration Begins Antitrust Revolution: Eight Years of Systematic Enforcement Collapse and Corporate Consolidation

| Importance: 10/10

Ronald Reagan’s inauguration marked the beginning of the most consequential transformation in American antitrust policy since the Sherman Act of 1890—an eight-year systematic dismantlement of competition enforcement that would enable four decades of corporate consolidation and monopolization. …

Ronald Reagan William F. Baxter Douglas Ginsburg Robert Bork Frank Easterbrook +3 more antitrust regulatory-capture chicago-school reagan-administration enforcement-collapse +2 more
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Business Roundtable Coordinates First Major Corporate PAC Election Strategy

| Importance: 7/10

The Business Roundtable, representing Fortune 500 CEOs, coordinated the first systematic corporate PAC strategy for the 1978 midterm elections. Corporate PACs contributed $9.8 million to federal candidates, with 75% going to business-friendly Republicans. This marked the beginning of coordinated …

Business Roundtable Reginald Jones Corporate PAC Committee Republican Party business-roundtable corporate-coordination electoral-interference systematic-corruption
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Corporate PAC Explosion: 433 New Corporate PACs Formed in Post-Buckley Era

| Importance: 8/10

Following the Buckley v. Valeo decision, corporations rapidly established Political Action Committees to influence elections. The number of corporate PACs grew from 89 in 1974 to 1,206 by 1980 - a 1,254% increase. This represented a systematic corporate mobilization to capture political influence, …

Corporate America Business Roundtable Chamber of Commerce FEC corporate-pacs campaign-finance systematic-corruption institutional-capture
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Draft Lottery Reform Attempts to Address Class Inequality After College Deferments Shield Wealthy from Vietnam Service

| Importance: 7/10

The Selective Service System conducts its first draft lottery since 1942 at its Washington D.C. headquarters in response to widespread criticism that the draft systematically favors wealthy and educated Americans. Of the 2.5 million enlisted men serving in Vietnam, 80% come from poor or …

Selective Service System U.S. Congress Congressman Alexander Pirnie class-inequality institutional-corruption government-deception systematic-corruption
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McNamara and Johnson Administration Begin Systematic Deception About Vietnam War Progress Creating "Credibility Gap"

| Importance: 8/10

The term “credibility gap” enters widespread use to describe the growing disconnect between the Johnson administration’s optimistic public statements about Vietnam War progress and the grim reality experienced by soldiers and reporters in the field. The New York Herald Tribune …

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara President Lyndon B. Johnson Senator J. William Fulbright Department of Defense government-deception military-industrial-complex institutional-corruption propaganda systematic-corruption
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Corporate Anti-Communist Network Coordinates Labor Suppression Through NAM, Chamber of Commerce Infrastructure

| Importance: 8/10

A sophisticated anti-communist network coordinated by the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and Chamber of Commerce reaches peak effectiveness in suppressing labor organizing during the early Cold War. The Hagley Museum and Library’s NAM collection contains extensive materials from …

National Association of Manufacturers Chamber of Commerce American Legion J.B. Matthews Hearst Corporation +1 more anti-communism labor-suppression corporate-propaganda red-scare union-busting +1 more
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Louis Johnson Exonerated in B-36 Scandal Despite Convair Board Service and Contract Awards

| Importance: 7/10

The House Armed Services Committee exonerates Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson and Air Force Secretary Stuart Symington of corruption charges related to the B-36 bomber contract, despite Johnson’s recent service on Convair Corporation’s board of directors. An anonymous document …

Louis Johnson Convair Corporation House Armed Services Committee Carl Vinson Stuart Symington +1 more military-industrial-complex revolving-door conflict-of-interest defense-contracts systematic-corruption +1 more
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Levittown Opens as America's First Suburb With Explicit Whites-Only Policy

| Importance: 8/10

Levittown, regarded as America’s first modern planned suburb, opens on Long Island to accommodate returning World War II veterans with “Clause 25” in housing agreements explicitly forbidding homes “from being used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian …

William Levitt Levitt & Sons Federal Housing Administration Veterans Administration institutional-capture racial-oppression housing-policy systematic-corruption
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FHA Underwriting Manual Formalizes Racial Covenants, Physical Segregation

| Importance: 8/10

The Federal Housing Administration publishes its Underwriting Manual, which establishes formal mortgage lending requirements that institutionalize racism and segregation within the housing industry. The manual emphasizes the negative impact of “infiltration of inharmonious racial groups” …

Federal Housing Administration U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development institutional-capture racial-oppression housing-policy systematic-corruption
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Federal Housing Administration Created, Institutionalizes Racial Segregation

| Importance: 9/10

The National Housing Act creates the Federal Housing Administration, which immediately implements systematic racial discrimination through mortgage underwriting guidelines. From its first operations in 1934, FHA staff conclude that no loan could be economically sound if the property was located in a …

Federal Housing Administration Federal Home Loan Bank Board U.S. Chamber of Commerce institutional-capture racial-oppression housing-policy systematic-corruption
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Investment Trust Leverage Pyramids Reach Unsustainable Peak

| Importance: 7/10

Investment trusts reached peak popularity and systemic danger by selling at premiums higher than underlying stock values while creating complex pyramids of cross-ownership and hidden leverage. These 1929 equivalents of closed-end mutual funds bought stock on margin with funds loaned not by banks but …

Goldman Sachs Investment Trusts Federal Reserve financial-deregulation speculation systematic-corruption regulatory-failure
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