Mining-Industry

Berkeley Pit Mine Closes on Earth Day, Pumps Shut Off, Creating Toxic Lake Superfund Site

| Importance: 7/10

Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) closed the Berkeley Pit copper mine on Earth Day 1982 and immediately shut off the pumps that had kept groundwater out of the massive excavation, beginning the pit’s transformation into one of the most toxic bodies of water in North America. The corporate …

Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) Anaconda Copper Mining Company Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Montana Department of Environmental Quality Montana Resources environmental-damage superfund mining-industry corporate-externalities toxic-contamination +2 more
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Bunker Hill Smelter Fire Leads to Worst Corporate Lead Poisoning in U.S. History

| Importance: 8/10

On September 3, 1973, a fire destroys the baghouse pollution control system at the Bunker Hill lead smelter in Kellogg, Idaho—then the largest smelting facility in the world. In a secret board meeting, Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp., the facility’s owner, makes a calculated decision to …

Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp. Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex Idaho Department of Health U.S. Environmental Protection Agency corporate-crime environmental-destruction mining-industry public-health corporate-negligence
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Anaconda Copper Shuts Down All Montana Operations to Force Legislative Changes

| Importance: 8/10

The Amalgamated Copper Company (later Anaconda Copper Mining Company) executed an extraordinary act of corporate extortion by shutting down all mining operations across Montana, deliberately putting 15,000 workers out of work to force the state legislature to pass laws favorable to the company. This …

Amalgamated Copper Company Anaconda Copper Mining Company F. Augustus Heinze Judge William Clancy Governor Joseph Toole +1 more corporate-power institutional-capture economic-extortion legislative-corruption corporate-personhood +2 more
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Lattimer Massacre - 19 Unarmed Immigrant Strikers Killed by Sheriff's Posse

| Importance: 8/10

Sheriff James Martin and 150 armed deputies open fire on 300-400 unarmed striking coal miners marching to support a newly formed United Mine Workers union at Calvin Pardee’s Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The peaceful demonstration consists mostly of Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian, and …

Sheriff James Martin Luzerne County deputies United Mine Workers Immigrant miners Pennsylvania National Guard +1 more labor-suppression gilded-age police-violence immigration mining-industry +1 more
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Cripple Creek Miners Strike Achieves Rare Victory Through Governor Intervention

| Importance: 7/10

Gold miners in Cripple Creek, Colorado, launch a strike after mine owners announce they will either extend the workday from eight to ten hours for the same $3 daily wage or maintain eight-hour days while reducing wages to $2.50 per day. Western Federation of Miners president John Calderwood issues a …

Western Federation of Miners Governor Davis Hanson Waite Colorado State Militia John Calderwood Mine owners +1 more labor-rights gilded-age mining-industry state-intervention union-victory +1 more
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Western Federation of Miners Founded After Coeur d'Alene Massacre

| Importance: 7/10

Hard rock miners establish the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in Butte, Montana, as a direct response to the catastrophic defeat of the 1892 Coeur d’Alene strike in Idaho and the brutal military repression that followed. The WFM emerges from miners’ recognition that existing labor …

Western Federation of Miners Butte miners Coeur d'Alene strikers Mining industry workers labor-organizing gilded-age mining-industry militant-unionism wfm
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Coeur d'Alene Miners Strike Violence Triggers Martial Law, 600 Imprisoned Without Trial

| Importance: 8/10

Violent confrontation erupts between striking silver and lead miners and company guards at mines in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, after union workers discover a Pinkerton agent has infiltrated their organization and routinely provided confidential union information to mine owners. The violence follows …

Western Federation of Miners Pinkerton Detective Agency Idaho National Guard U.S. Army General J.M. Schofield +2 more labor-suppression gilded-age mining-industry martial-law federal-intervention +1 more
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