Banking-Consolidation

NationsBank-BankAmerica $62 Billion Merger Creates First Coast-to-Coast National Bank

| Importance: 7/10

NationsBank completes its $62 billion acquisition of BankAmerica Corporation, creating the first truly coast-to-coast national bank in U.S. history and taking the Bank of America name. The merger occurs just one year before the formal repeal of Glass-Steagall, demonstrating how banking consolidation …

NationsBank BankAmerica Federal Reserve Department of Justice Hugh McColl banking-consolidation mergers glass-steagall deregulation market-concentration +1 more
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JP Morgan Becomes Allied War Financier: $3 Billion in Loans and Munitions Contracts, Abandons Neutrality for Profit

| Importance: 8/10

In August 1914, as World War I erupted in Europe, JP Morgan & Co. approached the U.S. government about making loans to the French Government and the Rothschilds. Despite Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan’s principled position that “loans by American bankers to any foreign …

JP Morgan & Co. British Government French Government Thomas Lamont President Woodrow Wilson +1 more war-profiteering banking-consolidation jp-morgan world-war-i financial-capture
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Federal Reserve Act Creates Central Banking System: Wilson Signs Compromise Between Private Bank Control and Government Oversight

| Importance: 10/10

President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act at 6:00 p.m., creating the Federal Reserve System as the central banking system of the United States. The need for a central bank became evident during the Panic of 1907, when the federal government lacked tools to respond and had to depend on …

President Woodrow Wilson Carter Glass Robert Latham Owen JP Morgan William Jennings Bryan banking-consolidation progressive-era financial-regulation federal-reserve jp-morgan
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JP Morgan Dies in Rome: House of Morgan Partners Blame Pujo Committee Testimony Stress

| Importance: 8/10

John Pierpont Morgan, the seventy-five-year-old financier who had dominated American banking for decades, died at the Grand Hotel in Rome. House of Morgan partners blamed his death on the stress of testifying before the Pujo Committee in December 1912, though other health factors were involved. …

JP Morgan Pujo Committee Samuel Untermyer House of Morgan banking-consolidation progressive-era financial-capture congressional-investigation jp-morgan
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Pujo Committee Hearings Begin: Money Trust Investigation Exposes JP Morgan Control of $22 Billion Through 341 Interlocking Directorships

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency subcommittee headed by Rep. Arsène Pujo of Louisiana began hearings to investigate the “money trust”—a concentrated group of Wall Street bankers exerting powerful control over the nation’s finances. The investigation arose from …

Arsène Pujo Samuel Untermyer JP Morgan George F. Baker James E. Stillman +1 more banking-consolidation progressive-era financial-capture jp-morgan congressional-investigation
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Aldrich Plan for Banking Reform Submitted: Secret Jekyll Island Meeting Proposes Wall Street-Controlled Central Bank

| Importance: 8/10

Senator Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island, chairman of the National Monetary Commission, submitted his “Suggested Plan for Monetary Legislation” proposing creation of a National Reserve Association to reform the nation’s banking system. The plan emerged from a secret November 1910 …

Nelson Aldrich JP Morgan interests Paul Warburg Frank Vanderlip National Monetary Commission banking-consolidation progressive-era financial-capture jp-morgan federal-reserve
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J.P. Morgan Railroad Reorganizations Create Consolidated Monopoly Systems

| Importance: 9/10

By 1895, following the Panic of 1893 that left one-third of American railroad mileage in receivership, J.P. Morgan had systematically reorganized the nation’s major railroads through a process known as ‘Morganization,’ consolidating competing lines into regional monopolies under …

J.P. Morgan J.P. Morgan & Company Southern Railway Erie Railroad Northern Pacific Railroad banking-consolidation railroad-consolidation corporate-power gilded-age financial-control
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