U.S. Supreme Court

Supreme Court Blocks Trump National Guard Deployment to Chicago, Ruling 'Regular Forces' Means Military

| Importance: 10/10

In a 6-3 decision representing the Trump administration’s first major Supreme Court defeat in months, the Court blocks President Trump’s attempt to deploy federalized National Guard troops to Chicago without gubernatorial consent. The ruling turns on a critical statutory interpretation: …

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Supreme Court Allows Virginia to Purge 1,600 Voters Days Before Election Despite Federal Law

| Importance: 6/10

U.S. Supreme Court allowed Virginia to purge over 1,600 voters within federally protected 90-day “quiet period” before 2024 election in 6-3 emergency decision, overturning lower court rulings in Beals v. Virginia Coalition for Immigrant Rights. Governor Glenn Youngkin’s Executive …

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Supreme Court Rejects $6B Purdue Pharma Settlement Granting Sackler Family Immunity from Opioid Lawsuits

| Importance: 9/10

On June 27, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court blocked Purdue Pharma’s $6 billion bankruptcy settlement that would have granted the Sackler family—who extracted over $10 billion from Purdue while the company fueled the opioid epidemic—broad immunity from all current and future civil lawsuits. The …

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Supreme Court Rejects Dangerous "Independent State Legislature" Theory in Moore v. Harper

| Importance: 6/10

Supreme Court rejected dangerous “independent state legislature” theory in Moore v. Harper with 6-3 decision, preserving state courts’ ability to review federal election laws under state constitutions. Theory would have given state legislatures unchecked power over federal …

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Texas Leads 20 Republican States in Lawsuit Seeking to Eliminate Entire ACA

| Importance: 9/10

Twenty Republican state attorneys general and governors, led by Texas, filed Texas v. Azar (later California v. Texas) in federal district court, arguing that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act’s zeroing of the individual mandate penalty rendered the entire Affordable Care Act unconstitutional. The …

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Supreme Court Rejects King v. Burwell Challenge to ACA Subsidies in Federal Exchanges

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in King v. Burwell that premium tax credits are available to qualifying individuals in all states, rejecting a challenge that would have eliminated subsidies for millions in the 34 states using the federal healthcare exchange (HealthCare.gov). The lawsuit, filed by …

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Supreme Court Makes ACA Medicaid Expansion Optional, Enabling State Obstruction

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the Affordable Care Act’s mandatory Medicaid expansion was unconstitutionally coercive, making it optional for states. While Chief Justice John Roberts upheld the individual mandate as a valid …

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Massey Energy CEO Spends $3 Million to Elect Judge in Case Against His Company

| Importance: 8/10

Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship pours over $3 million into West Virginia’s 2004 judicial election to elect Brent Benjamin to the state Supreme Court of Appeals, successfully defeating incumbent justice Warren McGraw. Blankenship’s spending—equivalent to “a dollar for every West …

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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Triggers Corporate Campaign to Limit Pollution Liability

| Importance: 8/10

On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling 11 million gallons of crude oil and devastating 1,300 miles of coastline. Beyond the immediate environmental catastrophe, Exxon’s response established a template for corporate liability evasion …

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Beck Decision Enables Workers to Withhold Union Dues for Political Activity, Weakening Labor Resources

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court rules 5-3 in Communications Workers of America v. Beck that workers covered by union contracts can refuse to pay the portion of dues used for political activities, limiting their payments to collective bargaining costs only. The ruling, based on Taft-Hartley’s Section …

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Supreme Court Decides GTE Sylvania, First Major Chicago School Antitrust Victory

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court decides Continental Television, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., marking the first significant victory for Chicago School antitrust theory at the Supreme Court and signaling the beginning of judicial embrace of corporate-friendly antitrust doctrine. The decision reflects decades of …

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Supreme Court Allows Metropolitan-Wide Housing Desegregation Remedy

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court rules in Hills v. Gautreaux that metropolitan-wide remedies are permissible for housing discrimination, distinguishing the case from its Milliken v. Bradley school desegregation decision that limited remedies to municipal boundaries. Justice Potter Stewart’s opinion finds …

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Milliken v. Bradley - Supreme Court Blocks Cross-District School Desegregation, Entrenches White Flight

| Importance: 9/10

On July 25, 1974, the Supreme Court issued its 5-4 ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, effectively ending meaningful school desegregation efforts across metropolitan America by prohibiting cross-district busing remedies to address urban-suburban segregation. The decision exempted wealthy white suburbs …

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San Antonio v. Rodriguez - Supreme Court Upholds Property Tax School Funding, Entrenches Inequality

| Importance: 9/10

On March 21, 1973, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez that the Texas school finance system—which relied on local property taxes and created vast spending disparities between wealthy and poor districts—did not violate the Equal Protection Clause. The …

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Supreme Court Decides Roe v. Wade, Triggering Conservative Backlash and Mobilization

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court decides Roe v. Wade, establishing constitutional right to abortion and instantly creating a rallying point for grassroots anti-feminist and anti-abortion organizing that will transform American politics and provide the social issue dimension needed to fuse economic …

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Supreme Court Rules 6-3 for Press Freedom in Pentagon Papers Case - Rejects Nixon Administration Prior Restraint Attempt

| Importance: 9/10

The Supreme Court decides 6-3 in New York Times Co. v. United States that the Nixon administration cannot prevent newspapers from publishing the Pentagon Papers, marking the first time in American history a publication was temporarily halted due to national security concerns. A federal judge in New …

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Supreme Court Rules 1866 Civil Rights Act Bans Private Housing Discrimination

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court issues a 7-2 decision in Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., holding that Congress can regulate private property sales to prevent racial discrimination under the Thirteenth Amendment’s power to eliminate “badges and incidents of slavery.” The case centers on Joseph Lee …

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Miranda v. Arizona Decision Requiring Rights Warnings Sparks Law Enforcement Backlash and Conservative Law-and-Order Politics

| Importance: 7/10

The U.S. Supreme Court rules 5-4 in Miranda v. Arizona that law enforcement must warn suspects of their constitutional rights before custodial interrogation, or else statements cannot be used as evidence at trial. The decision requires police to inform suspects of: (1) the right to remain silent; …

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Yates v. United States Limits Smith Act Prosecutions, Supreme Court Begins Retreat from McCarthyism

| Importance: 7/10

On June 17, 1957, the Supreme Court issued three decisions that significantly limited McCarthyist overreach: Yates v. United States, Watkins v. United States, and Service v. Dulles. Known as “Red Monday” to conservative critics, these rulings began the judicial rollback of the security …

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Supreme Court Affirms Montgomery Bus Segregation Unconstitutional, Boycott Ends in Victory

| Importance: 9/10

On November 13, 1956, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the district court ruling in Browder v. Gayle, declaring Montgomery, Alabama’s bus segregation laws unconstitutional. The decision marked the triumphant conclusion of the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott and established Martin Luther …

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Brown II Orders Desegregation with "All Deliberate Speed," Enabling Decade of Resistance

| Importance: 8/10

On May 31, 1955, one year after declaring school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court issued Brown II, its implementation ruling. Rather than setting firm deadlines or providing specific remedies, the Court ordered desegregation proceed “with all …

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Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Decision Declares School Segregation Unconstitutional

| Importance: 10/10

On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Court declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, …

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Dennis v. United States Supreme Court Upholds Smith Act Convictions, Criminalizes Political Advocacy

| Importance: 8/10

On June 4, 1951, the United States Supreme Court ruled 6-2 in Dennis v. United States, upholding the convictions of eleven Communist Party leaders under the Smith Act of 1940. The decision effectively criminalized political advocacy, allowing prosecution for teaching or advocating revolutionary …

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Supreme Court Rules Racially Restrictive Housing Covenants Unenforceable

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court issues a unanimous 6-0 decision in Shelley v. Kraemer, holding that racially restrictive housing covenants cannot be judicially enforced without violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case arises when Louis Kraemer sues to prevent the Shelley family, …

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Supreme Court Endorses Forced Sterilization in Buck v. Bell Eugenics Decision

| Importance: 9/10

The Supreme Court rules 8-1 in Buck v. Bell to uphold Virginia’s compulsory sterilization law, providing constitutional blessing for the eugenics movement’s campaign to sterilize those deemed “unfit.” Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writes for the majority that the state may …

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Supreme Court Applies Antitrust Law to Union Secondary Boycotts in Bedford Cut Stone

| Importance: 8/10

The Supreme Court rules that the Journeymen Stone Cutters Association of North America violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by declaring stone from Bedford Cut Stone Company and 23 other Indiana limestone producers “unfair” and prohibiting its 5,000 members from working on buildings using …

George Sutherland U.S. Supreme Court Journeymen Stone Cutters Association Bedford Cut Stone Company labor-suppression judicial-capture anti-union antitrust
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Supreme Court Upholds Criminal Anarchy Conviction While Expanding Due Process

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court rules 7-2 in Gitlow v. New York to uphold Benjamin Gitlow’s conviction under New York’s Criminal Anarchy Act for publishing “The Left Wing Manifesto,” a socialist pamphlet advocating revolutionary mass action. Justice Edward Sanford’s majority opinion …

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Supreme Court Reverses Coronado Decision, Opens Unions to Antitrust Liability

| Importance: 9/10

The Supreme Court unanimously reverses its 1922 Coronado decision, ruling that the United Mine Workers local union violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by conspiring to restrain interstate commerce in coal. After the Court’s first ruling favored the union by finding insufficient evidence of …

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Supreme Court Strikes Down Federal Minimum Wage Law for Women in Adkins Decision

| Importance: 9/10

The Supreme Court rules 5-3 in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital that a 1918 federal law establishing a minimum wage board for women and minors in the District of Columbia violates the Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of “liberty of contract.” Justice George Sutherland, writing for …

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Supreme Court Rules Unincorporated Unions Can Be Sued in Coronado Coal Case

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court rules in United Mine Workers v. Coronado Coal Co. that unincorporated labor unions can be sued in federal court as legal entities, establishing a precedent that exposes unions to potentially devastating civil liability. The case arises from Arkansas’s Sebastian County Union …

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Supreme Court Strikes Down Federal Child Labor Tax as Unconstitutional

| Importance: 8/10

The Supreme Court rules 8-1 in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (the Child Labor Tax Case) that the Revenue Act of 1919, which imposed a 10 percent excise tax on profits of companies employing children under age 14, violates the Tenth Amendment. Chief Justice William Howard Taft declares the tax …

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Supreme Court Invalidates Arizona Anti-Injunction Law in Truax v. Corrigan

| Importance: 8/10

The Supreme Court rules 5-4 in Truax v. Corrigan that an Arizona law prohibiting state courts from issuing injunctions against peaceful labor picketing violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice William Howard Taft, writing for the majority, holds that the Arizona …

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Supreme Court Guts Clayton Act Labor Protections in Duplex Printing Decision

| Importance: 8/10

The Supreme Court rules 6-3 in Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering that the Clayton Act’s supposed protections for labor organizing do not prevent federal courts from enjoining union boycotts. Justice Mahlon Pitney holds that Section 20 of the Clayton Act, which labor had celebrated in 1914 …

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Supreme Court Dismisses U.S. Steel Antitrust Case, Ruling Size Alone Not Illegal - Enforcement Ends Until 1945

| Importance: 10/10

The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 4-3 decision written by Justice Joseph McKenna, dismissed the government’s antitrust case against U.S. Steel Corporation, the world’s first billion-dollar company created through J.P. Morgan’s 1901 merger. The Court ruled: “We must adhere to the …

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Supreme Court Strikes Down Federal Child Labor Law in Hammer v. Dagenhart

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 on June 3, 1918, in Hammer v. Dagenhart, ruling 5-4 that the federal law exceeded federal authority and represented an unwarranted encroachment on state powers to determine local labor conditions. Justice William R. …

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Supreme Court Orders American Tobacco Breakup, Applying Rule of Reason to Tobacco Trust

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 9-0 unanimous decision applying the new “rule of reason” doctrine, ruled that the American Tobacco Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and ordered the tobacco trust dissolved. Founded in 1890 by James Duke, American Tobacco controlled nearly 90% of …

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Standard Oil Breakup's Paradox - Rockefeller's Wealth Triples as Fragmented Companies Reconsolidate

| Importance: 9/10

The Supreme Court’s order to break Standard Oil into 34 separate companies produced a profound paradox: the breakup made John D. Rockefeller vastly richer while ultimately failing to prevent reconsolidation. Shareholders in Standard Oil received proportional stakes in each successor …

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Supreme Court Loewe v. Lawlor Decision Holds Union Members Personally Liable for Damages

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Supreme Court rules unanimously 9-0 in Loewe v. Lawlor (the “Danbury Hatters’ Case”) that the Sherman Antitrust Act applies to labor unions and that individual union members can be held personally liable for damages caused by union boycotts. Chief Justice Melville W. …

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Supreme Court Strikes Down Labor Protections in Lochner v. New York

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5-4 decision in Lochner v. New York on April 17, 1905, striking down a New York law that limited bakery workers to a 60-hour work week as unconstitutional. Justice Rufus Peckham’s majority opinion held that the law violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due …

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Supreme Court Rules Against Beef Trust, Establishes Stream of Commerce Doctrine

| Importance: 8/10

On January 30, 1905, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Swift & Co. v. United States that the Commerce Clause allowed the federal government to regulate monopolies that have a direct effect on interstate commerce, dealing a major blow to the “Beef Trust” cartel. The case followed …

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Supreme Court Orders Northern Securities Dissolution in First Major Antitrust Victory

| Importance: 10/10

On March 14, 1904, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Northern Securities Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and ordered the railroad holding company dissolved. The decision affirmed the April 9, 1903 federal circuit court ruling against the company formed by J.P. Morgan, James J. …

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Supreme Court In Re Debs Decision Upholds Federal Injunctions Against Strikes

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Supreme Court issues a unanimous 9-0 decision in In re Debs, upholding the federal government’s use of injunctions to suppress labor strikes and affirming Eugene V. Debs’s contempt of court conviction for continuing the 1894 Pullman Strike in violation of a federal court order. …

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U.S. v. E.C. Knight: Supreme Court Shields Sugar Trust and Eviscerates Antitrust Law

| Importance: 9/10

On January 21, 1895, the U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (156 U.S. 1) by a vote of 8-1, effectively gutting the Sherman Antitrust Act just five years after its passage. The case arose when the American Sugar Refining Company (the “Sugar Trust”) acquired four …

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Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad v. Gibbes: Corporate Personhood Reaffirmed

| Importance: 6/10

The Supreme Court again explicitly affirmed corporate personhood, holding that “It is again decided that private corporations are persons within the meaning of [the Fourteenth] Amendment.” The case involved South Carolina’s requirement that railroads pay the salaries and expenses …

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Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway v. Beckwith: Corporate Personhood Doctrine Becomes Settled Law

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court formally declared corporate personhood as settled constitutional law, with Justice Stephen Field writing that “Corporations are persons within the meaning of the clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution concerning the deprivation of property, and concerning the …

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Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Co. v. Pennsylvania: Court Explicitly Affirms Corporate Personhood

| Importance: 8/10

In an 8-0 decision authored by Justice Stephen Field, the U.S. Supreme Court explicitly affirmed corporate personhood under the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that “Under the designation of ‘person’ there is no doubt that a private corporation is included. Such corporations are …

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Wabash v. Illinois: Supreme Court Shields Interstate Monopolies from Regulation

| Importance: 8/10

On October 25, 1886, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (118 U.S. 557) in a 6-3 ruling that severely limited states’ power to regulate interstate commerce, effectively shielding railroad monopolies from state-level oversight. The case arose …

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Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad: The Corporate Personhood Precedent That Never Was

| Importance: 10/10

In what would become one of the most consequential non-rulings in American legal history, a court reporter’s headnote to Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad established the foundation for corporate personhood without the Supreme Court ever deciding the issue. Before oral arguments, …

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Railroad Commission Cases: State Regulation Affirmed with Corporate Property Rights Caveat

| Importance: 7/10

The Supreme Court ruled in the Railroad Commission Cases that states possess constitutional authority to set railroad transportation rates through regulatory commissions, upholding Mississippi’s 1884 statute establishing rate-setting power. Filed the same year as the Santa Clara headnote, this …

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Civil Rights Cases Strike Down 1875 Act, Legitimizing Jim Crow

| Importance: 10/10

The Supreme Court declares the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional in an 8-1 decision, ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments do not empower Congress to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals—thereby legitimizing the Jim Crow system of racial segregation that will …

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