U.S. Senate

Jonathan Kanter Confirmed as DOJ Antitrust Chief After Longest Delay in Modern History

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Senate confirmed Jonathan Kanter as Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice by a bipartisan vote of 68-29 on November 16, 2021, and he was sworn in the same day. Kanter’s confirmation came after the longest delay for a nominee to lead the …

Jonathan Kanter Department of Justice U.S. Senate Antitrust Division antitrust doj biden-administration regulatory-reform big-tech +1 more
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Frances Haugen Senate Testimony Exposes Facebook Algorithmic Harm to Children and Democracy

| Importance: 10/10

Former Facebook product manager Frances Haugen testifies before the U.S. Senate that Facebook’s products harm children, stoke division, and weaken democracy, backed by tens of thousands of internal company documents showing Facebook executives knew about Instagram’s severe mental health …

Frances Haugen Facebook Mark Zuckerberg U.S. Senate Richard Blumenthal facebook whistleblower frances-haugen algorithm-harm teen-mental-health +5 more
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Lina Khan Confirmed as FTC Chair at Age 32, Youngest Ever

| Importance: 9/10

The U.S. Senate confirmed Lina Khan to the Federal Trade Commission by a bipartisan vote of 69-28 on June 15, 2021, and President Biden immediately named her chair of the five-member Commission. At 32, Khan became the youngest commissioner ever confirmed to the agency, let alone to lead it. Khan …

Lina Khan Joe Biden U.S. Senate Federal Trade Commission antitrust ftc biden-administration regulatory-reform lina-khan +1 more
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Biden Nominates Frank Kendall for Air Force Secretary After $702,000 in Northrop Grumman Consulting Fees

| Importance: 9/10

President Joe Biden nominated Frank Kendall for Air Force Secretary in May 2021 despite Kendall having received $702,319 in consulting fees from Northrop Grumman as part of a $300,000 per year consulting contract after serving as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics …

Frank Kendall Northrop Grumman U.S. Air Force Joe Biden U.S. Senate revolving door military-industrial complex defense contractors corruption conflicts of interest +2 more
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DISCLOSE Act Passes House But GOP Blocks Senate Vote on Citizens United Response

| Importance: 7/10

House passes Democracy Is Strengthened by Casting Light On Spending in Elections (DISCLOSE) Act requiring disclosure of corporate political spending, but Republican leadership blocks Senate consideration to protect dark money donors

Chuck Schumer Chris Van Hollen Mitch McConnell Barack Obama House of Representatives +1 more legislative-response campaign-finance-reform corporate-disclosure political-obstruction transparency +2 more
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Koch Network Mobilizes to Kill Waxman-Markey Cap-and-Trade Climate Bill

| Importance: 9/10

After the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Waxman-Markey American Clean Energy and Security Act (cap-and-trade climate bill) on June 26, 2009, the Koch brothers’ network immediately launched a massive campaign to kill the legislation in the Senate. Americans for Prosperity, whose top …

Koch brothers Charles Koch David Koch Americans for Prosperity Heritage Foundation +4 more climate-denial regulatory-capture lobbying environmental corporate-corruption +1 more
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Employee Free Choice Act Abandoned Despite Democratic Supermajority, Corporate Lobbying Victory

| Importance: 8/10

Senator Arlen Specter announces on March 24, 2009, that he will not support the Employee Free Choice Act, effectively killing labor’s top legislative priority despite Democratic control of the presidency and both houses of Congress. EFCA would have allowed workers to form unions through …

Barack Obama U.S. Chamber of Commerce Business Roundtable AFL-CIO U.S. Senate +1 more labor labor-law-reform corporate-lobbying card-check filibuster +1 more
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Iraq War Authorization Vote Succeeds Through WHIG's Systematic Congressional Deception

| Importance: 9/10

Congress passes the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution based on the systematically manipulated intelligence provided by the White House Iraq Group, representing the successful completion of WHIG’s campaign to corrupt legislative war powers. The House votes 296-133 …

White House Iraq Group U.S. House of Representatives U.S. Senate Hillary Clinton John Kerry +6 more whig iraq-war-authorization congressional-deception constitutional-crisis separation-of-powers +3 more
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Phil Gramm Inserts 262-Page CFMA into 11,000-Page Spending Bill Hours Before Christmas Recess

| Importance: 9/10

In the early evening of Friday, December 15, 2000, with Christmas recess only hours away and the presidential election still unresolved, the U.S. Senate rushes to pass an essential 11,000-page government reauthorization bill. Senator Phil Gramm of Texas inserts a complex 262-page amendment - the …

Phil Gramm U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives Bill Clinton Enron Corporation derivatives cfma legislative-corruption enron-loophole lame-duck +2 more
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Clinton Signs China PNTR Ending Annual Review, Enabling WTO Entry and Manufacturing Exodus

| Importance: 9/10

President Bill Clinton signs the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000, granting China Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status and ending the annual congressional review process that had existed since 1980 under Jackson-Vanik provisions. The House passed the legislation on May 24, 2000 and the …

Bill Clinton U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives Chinese government Corporate Lobbies +1 more china trade-policy wto pntr globalization +3 more
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Lawrence Summers Becomes Treasury Secretary, Accelerates Derivatives Deregulation Campaign

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Senate confirms Lawrence Summers as the 71st Secretary of the Treasury, replacing Robert Rubin and continuing the aggressive deregulation agenda. Summers had spent the previous year as Deputy Secretary orchestrating opposition to derivatives regulation, including making an “irate …

Lawrence Summers Bill Clinton Robert Rubin U.S. Senate Wall Street derivatives dealers treasury derivatives deregulation revolving-door financial-crisis +2 more
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Senate Acquits President Clinton on Both Impeachment Articles

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Senate votes to acquit President Bill Clinton on both articles of impeachment following a five-week trial. On the perjury charge (Article I), the Senate votes 45-55, with 45 Democrats and 10 Republicans voting “not guilty.” On the obstruction of justice charge (Article II), the …

Bill Clinton U.S. Senate Senate Republicans Senate Democrats impeachment presidential-accountability constitutional-process senate-trial
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Zoe Baird Nomination Collapses Over Undocumented Nanny, Launching Immigration Enforcement Politicization

| Importance: 6/10

Zoe Baird withdraws her nomination as Attorney General after revelations that she employed undocumented immigrants as household workers and failed to pay required Social Security taxes. The scandal, dubbed “Nannygate,” generates intense public backlash despite the commonplace nature of …

Bill Clinton Zoe Baird U.S. Senate Kimba Wood Janet Reno immigration political-scandal attorney-general enforcement-hypocrisy employer-sanctions
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Senate Rejects Robert Bork Supreme Court Nomination 42-58, First Ideological Rejection in Nearly a Century

| Importance: 9/10

The United States Senate rejected President Reagan’s nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court by a vote of 42-58 on October 23, 1987, marking the first time in nearly a century that the Senate rejected a Supreme Court nominee primarily on the basis of ideology rather than qualifications …

Robert Bork Ronald Reagan Edward Kennedy Lewis Powell Anthony Kennedy +4 more supreme-court judicial-capture federalist-society conservative-movement antitrust-abandonment +3 more
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Senate Resolution Acknowledges Haudenosaunee Influence on Constitution During Bicentennial Celebrations

| Importance: 6/10

The U.S. Senate passes a resolution on the 200th anniversary of the Constitution formally recognizing that “the original framers of the Constitution, including most notably, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, are known to have greatly admired the concepts, principles and governmental …

U.S. Senate Haudenosaunee Confederacy Six Nations indigenous-democracy constitutional-history democratic-foundations historical-acknowledgment haudenosaunee-confederacy
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Labor Law Reform Act Killed by Filibuster After Business Roundtable Lobbying Blitz

| Importance: 9/10

After six cloture attempts fail to break a Senate filibuster, the Labor Law Reform Act of 1978 dies on June 22, marking the most significant corporate lobbying victory since Taft-Hartley and demonstrating that even with Democratic supermajorities and a Democratic president, business interests can …

Business Roundtable U.S. Chamber of Commerce National Association of Manufacturers AFL-CIO U.S. Senate +1 more labor labor-law filibuster corporate-lobbying business-roundtable +1 more
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Church Committee: Landmark Democratic Resistance Framework Against Intelligence Abuses

| Importance: 9/10

On April 22, 1975, the Senate formally established the Church Committee to investigate systematic abuses by U.S. intelligence agencies. Led by Senator Frank Church, the committee exposed unprecedented violations of constitutional rights by the CIA, NSA, and FBI, including illegal surveillance of …

Senator Frank Church Senator John Tower U.S. Senate CIA NSA +2 more institutional-resistance intelligence-oversight democratic-safeguards constitutional-rights government-accountability
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Lewis Powell Sworn in as Supreme Court Justice, Begins Implementing Corporate Blueprint

| Importance: 9/10

Lewis F. Powell Jr. was sworn in as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on January 7, 1972, after being nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by the Senate with an overwhelming 89-1 vote. A corporate lawyer with board memberships in 11 major corporations, Powell’s appointment …

Lewis F. Powell Jr. Richard Nixon Supreme Court U.S. Senate powell-supreme-court judicial-capture corporate-interests constitutional-interpretation nixon-administration
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Nixon nominates Lewis Powell to Supreme Court two months after corporate blueprint memo

| Importance: 6/10

President Nixon nominates corporate lawyer Lewis Powell to Supreme Court as Associate Justice, just 59 days after Powell wrote confidential memo to Chamber of Commerce calling for business to acquire “political power” and use courts as “most important instrument for social, …

Richard Nixon Lewis F. Powell Jr. U.S. Senate William H. Rehnquist supreme-court-nomination judicial-capture powell-memo-implementation corporate-judicial-strategy
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Bricker Amendment Fails by One Vote, Conservative Attempt to Limit Treaty Power Defeated

| Importance: 6/10

On February 26, 1954, the United States Senate rejected the Bricker Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment that would have severely limited the President’s treaty-making power. The amendment, backed by conservative Republicans and corporate groups including the American Bar Association …

John Bricker Dwight D. Eisenhower American Bar Association U.S. Senate American Medical Association +1 more isolationism congressional-action constitutional-amendment cold-war corporate-interests
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Kefauver Committee Televised Hearings Draw 30 Million Viewers - Organized Crime Exposed

| Importance: 7/10

The United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce, popularly known as the Kefauver Committee after chairman Senator Estes Kefauver (D-TN), convenes televised hearings in New York City in March 1951 that become the most widely viewed congressional investigation to …

Estes Kefauver U.S. Senate Frank Costello Virginia Hill organized-crime televised-hearings congressional-investigation public-spectacle
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Truman Committee Established to Investigate War Profiteering

| Importance: 8/10

Senator Harry S. Truman establishes the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program (Truman Committee) after witnessing widespread waste and profiteering in war production. Over the next four years, the committee will save an estimated $10-15 billion by uncovering fraud and …

Harry S. Truman U.S. Senate Defense contractors war-profiteering congressional-oversight defense-industry institutional-accountability
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Senate Defeats FDR Court-Packing Plan 70-22, Handing Roosevelt His Greatest Legislative Defeat

| Importance: 8/10

On July 22, 1937, the U.S. Senate votes 70-22 to defeat President Franklin Roosevelt’s Judicial Procedures Reform Bill, rejecting his proposal to expand the Supreme Court by up to six additional justices and handing FDR his greatest legislative defeat. Three-quarters of senators voting to kill …

U.S. Senate Franklin D. Roosevelt Senate Judiciary Committee Joseph Robinson John Nance Garner +1 more judicial-independence new-deal supreme-court separation-of-powers congressional-opposition +1 more
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La Follette Civil Liberties Committee Begins Investigation Exposing Corporate Union-Busting and Industrial Espionage

| Importance: 8/10

The Senate Subcommittee on Education and Labor, chaired by Senator Robert M. La Follette Jr. of Wisconsin, begins hearings on June 6, 1936, launching a four-year investigation that systematically exposes the violent and illegal tactics American corporations use to suppress union organizing. The La …

Robert La Follette Jr. U.S. Senate Pinkerton Detective Agency Burns Detective Agency Republic Steel +3 more labor-rights corporate-surveillance union-busting congressional-investigation private-security
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Nye Committee Begins Investigation of War Profiteering and Munitions Industry "Merchants of Death"

| Importance: 8/10

The U.S. Senate Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, chaired by Senator Gerald Nye (R-ND), begins operations on April 12, 1934, to investigate the financial and banking interests underlying American involvement in World War I and the enormous profits reaped by industrial and …

Gerald Nye U.S. Senate J.P. Morgan Jr. Pierre du Pont munitions manufacturers +1 more war-profiteering corporate-corruption military-industrial-complex investigations world-war-i
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Kellogg-Briand Pact Outlaws War While Preserving Imperial Prerogatives

| Importance: 6/10

Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact (officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) in Paris, eventually ratified by 62 nations. The treaty solemnly renounces war as an instrument of …

Frank Kellogg Aristide Briand Calvin Coolidge U.S. Senate foreign-policy institutional-capture international-law imperialism
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Senate Passes 19th Amendment Sending Women's Suffrage to States for Ratification

| Importance: 9/10

On June 4, 1919, the U.S. Senate voted in favor of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which stated that “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” The Senate vote came nearly 18 months …

U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives Woodrow Wilson National American Woman Suffrage Association National Woman's Party womens-suffrage constitutional-amendment democratic-expansion congressional-action
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Preston Brooks Beats Charles Sumner on Senate Floor, Southern Elite Celebrates Violence

| Importance: 9/10

Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, enters the Senate chamber and beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts nearly to death with a metal-topped cane, striking him repeatedly on the head while Sumner attempts futilely to protect himself. The attack follows …

Preston Brooks Charles Sumner Andrew Butler U.S. Senate U.S. House of Representatives political-violence slave-power institutional-corruption bleeding-kansas senate-violence
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Promises Land Rights Then Enables Systematic Theft from Mexican Americans

| Importance: 9/10

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, ends the Mexican-American War by forcing Mexico to cede 55 percent of its territory—including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming—to the United States for …

U.S. Senate Mexico Mexican Americans U.S. government Anglo settlers treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo land-theft mexican-american-war treaty-violation institutional-corruption +1 more
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Wilmot Proviso Triggers Sectional Crisis Over Slavery in Conquered Mexican Territory

| Importance: 9/10

On August 8, 1846, amidst the Mexican-American War, Democratic Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduces an amendment to President James Polk’s $2 million appropriation bill for purchasing territory from Mexico, boldly declaring that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude …

David Wilmot James K. Polk U.S. House of Representatives U.S. Senate Northern Democrats +1 more wilmot-proviso slavery-expansion sectional-conflict mexican-american-war territorial-expansion +1 more
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Senate Censures Jackson for Pet Banks Scheme and Constitutional Overreach

| Importance: 8/10

The Senate voted 26-to-20 on March 28, 1834, to censure President Andrew Jackson for unconstitutionally removing federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States and placing them in state-chartered “pet banks.” The resolution, introduced by Henry Clay, declared that Jackson …

Andrew Jackson Henry Clay Roger Taney William Duane U.S. Senate institutional-capture systematic-corruption financial-deregulation executive-overreach democratic-erosion
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Louisiana Purchase Demonstrates Jefferson Constitutional Hypocrisy and Executive Power Expansion

| Importance: 7/10

The U.S. Senate approves the Louisiana Purchase treaty by a vote of 24-7, with President Thomas Jefferson abandoning his strict constructionist constitutional principles to complete the acquisition of French territory despite acknowledging the Constitution grants no explicit power to purchase …

President Thomas Jefferson Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin U.S. Senate Napoleon Bonaparte France constitutional-conflict executive-power strict-construction political-hypocrisy territorial-expansion
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Midnight Judges Act Enables Lame-Duck Court Packing by Defeated Federalists

| Importance: 8/10

President John Adams signs the Judiciary Act of 1801 less than three weeks before the end of his term and the Federalist majority in Congress, expanding the federal judiciary by creating sixteen new circuit court judgeships and reducing the Supreme Court from six to five justices. After losing the …

President John Adams Federalist Party U.S. Senate William Marbury judicial-capture court-packing lame-duck-power institutional-manipulation political-corruption
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