Richard Russell

Voting Rights Act Signed After Selma Bloody Sunday Defeats Southern Legislative Resistance

| Importance: 9/10

President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law, outlawing discriminatory voting practices that have disenfranchised millions of African Americans since Reconstruction. The legislation passes the Senate 77-19 on May 26 and the House 333-85 on July 9, overcoming a 24-day …

President Lyndon B. Johnson Martin Luther King Jr. John Lewis Southern Democratic Senators Richard Russell voting-rights civil-rights southern-strategy institutional-resistance voter-suppression
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passes After Filibuster Defeats Corporate Southern Resistance

| Importance: 9/10

President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations. The legislation passes only after defeating a 60-working-day filibuster led by the “Southern …

President Lyndon B. Johnson Southern Democratic Senators Richard Russell Strom Thurmond Southern business interests +1 more civil-rights institutional-capture southern-strategy corporate-resistance voting-rights
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Senate Invokes Cloture to End 72-Day Filibuster Against Civil Rights Act for First Time in History

| Importance: 10/10

On June 10, 1964, the United States Senate invoked cloture by a vote of 71 to 29, ending a 72-day filibuster against the Civil Rights Act—marking the first time in Senate history that cloture had been successfully invoked to break a filibuster on civil rights legislation. The Southern Bloc of 18 …

Southern Democratic Caucus Richard Russell Robert Byrd Hubert Humphrey Everett Dirksen civil-rights institutional-racism democratic-erosion legislative-obstruction filibuster
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Civil Rights Act of 1957: First Federal Voting Rights Law Since Reconstruction Passes Despite Southern Filibuster

| Importance: 7/10

President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first federal civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, establishing the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice and authorizing federal prosecutors to seek injunctions against interference with voting rights. However, …

Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson Strom Thurmond Richard Russell Attorney General Herbert Brownell +1 more voting-rights civil-rights federal-legislation filibuster southern-strategy +1 more
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