The Federal Trade Commission closed its 19-month antitrust investigation of Google without bringing charges, despite internal staff recommendations for legal action. With 230 White House meetings in 2012-2013, Google demonstrated unprecedented political access, ultimately avoiding significant …
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Google completed its initial public offering on August 19, 2004, raising $1.67 billion by pricing 19,605,052 Class A shares at $85 per share. The IPO was unconventional, using a “modified” Dutch auction method that challenged Wall Street norms.
Most significantly, founders Larry Page and …
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By 2003, Google had established the “Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich”—the most sophisticated corporate tax avoidance structure in history—allowing the company to route profits through Ireland, Netherlands, and Bermuda to avoid paying billions in taxes on non-US revenues despite …
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