Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine-American War Begins - Liberation Becomes Brutal Occupation

| Importance: 9/10

Fighting erupts between U.S. forces and Filipino independence fighters led by Emilio Aguinaldo, transforming America’s supposed “liberation” of the Philippines from Spain into a brutal three-year war of imperial conquest. The conflict begins just two days before the Senate ratifies …

Emilio Aguinaldo William McKinley U.S. Army forces Philippine independence movement Filipino civilians gilded-age imperialism war-crimes military-atrocities counterinsurgency +1 more
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