Governor Ronald Reagan signs the Mulford Act into law, prohibiting the public carrying of loaded firearms in California without a permit. The legislation, crafted by Republican Assemblyman Don Mulford with assistance from the National Rifle Association, specifically targets the Black Panther …
Governor Ronald ReaganDon MulfordNational Rifle AssociationBlack Panther PartyCalifornia State Legislaturegun-controlracial-politicsnrablack-panthersselective-enforcement
College students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton found the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in West Oakland, California, in response to systemic police brutality against African Americans. The organization emerges from the racial tensions and policing practices that plague Oakland, influenced by …
Bobby SealeHuey P. NewtonFBI Director J. Edgar HooverCalifornia State Legislaturesurveillancepolice-statecivil-rightscointelproinstitutional-repression
California achieves statehood on September 9, 1850, and the newly formed state legislature immediately begins authorizing and funding militia expeditions explicitly designed to kill Indigenous Californians and drive them from their ancestral lands. Between 1850 and 1861, California governors call …
California State LegislatureCalifornia governorsState militiaIndigenous CaliforniansU.S. Congressindigenous-genocidestate-violencecalifornia-genocideinstitutional-corruptionethnic-cleansing