President Bill Clinton signed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA) into law on his last day before Christmas recess, completing the deregulation of the derivatives market that Brooksley Born had warned against two years earlier. The legislation, inserted into a 10,000-page authorization …
Bill ClintonLawrence SummersPhil GrammAlan GreenspanWall Street derivatives dealersderivativesderegulationcfmafinancial-crisiscredit-default-swaps+1 more
The President’s Working Group on Financial Markets issues a unanimous report recommending that over-the-counter derivatives be explicitly exempted from federal regulation, directly repudiating CFTC Chair Brooksley Born’s 1998 warnings about systemic risk. The report is signed by Treasury …
Lawrence SummersRobert RubinAlan GreenspanArthur LevittBill Rainer+1 morederivativesderegulationcfmafinancial-crisisregulatory-capture+2 more
Time Magazine publishes its February 15, 1999 edition featuring Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, Deputy Secretary Lawrence Summers, and Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan on the cover as “The Committee to Save the World,” celebrating their management of the 1997-1998 Asian and …
Robert RubinLawrence SummersAlan GreenspanTime MagazineBrooksley Bornderivativesderegulationfinancial-crisismedia-propagandaregulatory-capture+2 more
In September 1998, the Federal Reserve Board granted Citicorp a temporary waiver allowing its merger with Travelers Group, effectively circumventing the Glass-Steagall Act and Bank Holding Company Act. This strategic regulatory maneuver created Citigroup, the first ‘universal bank’ since …
Federal ReserveAlan GreenspanCiticorpTravelers GroupSandy Weill+4 morefederal-reservecitigroupglass-steagall-violationregulatory-waiversystemic-corruption+3 more
Hours after CFTC Chair Brooksley Born issues a “Concept Release” requesting public comment on regulating the 9 trillion over-the-counter derivatives market, Fed Chair Alan Greenspan, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, and SEC Chair Arthur Levitt issue an unprecedented joint statement …
Brooksley BornAlan GreenspanRobert RubinArthur LevittCFTC+3 morederivatives-regulationregulatory-suppressionbrooksley-borngreenspanrubin+2 more
CFTC Chair Brooksley Born issued a concept release seeking public comment on regulating the $29 trillion over-the-counter derivatives market, warning of systemic risks from unregulated trading. Within hours, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, and SEC Chairman …
Brooksley BornRobert RubinLawrence SummersAlan GreenspanArthur Levittderivativescftcregulatory-capturefinancial-crisissystemic-risk+2 more
The Federal Reserve Board continues its incremental erosion of Glass-Steagall Act restrictions, approving expanded securities underwriting capabilities for JP Morgan & Co. Following a 3-2 vote in 1987 to ease regulations, the Fed systematically reinterprets Congressional banking separation laws. …
Federal Reserve BoardAlan GreenspanJP Morgan & Co.Morgan Stanleycorporate-stock-underwritingjp-morganmorgan-stanleyglass-steagall-violationregulatory-capture+1 more
The Federal Reserve Board approved a pivotal regulatory decision allowing JP Morgan & Co., Citicorp, and Bankers Trust to establish Section 20 subsidiaries, marking a significant first breach in the Glass-Steagall Act’s separation of commercial and investment banking. The approval …
Federal Reserve BoardJP Morgan & Co.CiticorpBankers TrustPaul Volcker+1 moresection-20-subsidiariesglass-steagall-erosionfederal-reservesecurities-underwritingregulatory-approval+1 more
Large commercial banks launch a coordinated, multi-pronged campaign to systematically dismantle the Glass-Steagall Act’s financial regulations. This strategic effort involves regulatory capture through administrative reinterpretations, academic influence to discredit Depression-era banking …
Major commercial banksBanking lobbyistsFederal regulatorsAcademic economistsFederal Reserve Board+1 moreglass-steagallbanking-deregulationregulatory-capturefinancial-lobbyingnew-deal-reforms+2 more